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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England And Associated Companies throughout the World. www.longman-elt.com © Pearson Education Limited 2000 The rights of Elaine Walker and Steve Elsworth to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. ISBN 0 582 41721 X Set in Slimbach Printed by Spain by Mateu Cromo Tests on pages 173-184 by Dorothy E. Zemach. Illustrations by Gillian Martin, Chris Pavely, Ivana Svabic and Celia Witchard. Designed by Linemead Project Managed by Lewis Lansford

Contents MODALS To the Student Introduction 94-95 ability: can, could, be able 97 NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS certainty, possibility, deduction: can, could, may, countable and uncountable nouns 1, 3 might, must, will, should, ought to 99-100 the article 4-6 advice, obligation, necessity: should, ought to, attributive and predicative adjectives 9 order of adjectives 10 must, have to, have got to, need 103-104 participles as adjectives 12 offers, requests, permission, suggestions: can, suffixes and prefixes 13, 15 non-gradable adjectives 15 could, may, might, would, must, shall, would you comparison of adjectives 16-17 mind 107 adverbs and adverbial phrases 20 habit: would, used to 109 position of adverbs 21-22 comparison of adverbs 24 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES VERBS uses of the gerund 111, 113 uses of the infinitive 111-1l3 simple and continuous aspects 27 the bare infinitive 114-115 stative and dynamic verbs 29 verbs of perception + object + ing or bare perfect aspect 31 infinitive 116 The present tense verb + to-infinitive or gerund 117-119 present simple and continuous 33-34 preposition + gerund 120 be + adjective + infinitive 122 The past tense different forms of the gerund and the infinitive past simple and continuous 37-39, 46 126 Tenses with the perfect aspect present perfect simple 42-44, 46 REPORTED SPEECH present perfect continuous 43-44 past perfect simple 49-50 reported statements 128-130 past perfect continuous 52 reported questions 131-132 when not to change tense 128-130 Future forms verbs used in reporting 134 be going to future 54-55, 58-59 summarizing when reporting 136 present continuous as future 54-55, 65 future with will 56-59, 63 SENTENCE STRUCTURE present simple as future 61 future continuous 62-63, 65 simple, compound and complex sentences 138-139 future perfect 66 conjunctions 139 other ways of referring to the future 68 noun clauses 140 participial constructions 143-145 The passive adverbial clauses of time, place, manner and forms and uses of the passive 70-71 causative use of have and get 75-76 reason 148 defining relative clauses 151 Miscellaneous non-defining relative clauses 154-156 constructions after wish 77 relative clauses of time, place and reason 159 phrasal verbs 79 relative clauses after all, etc. 160 co-ordinating relative clauses 161 CONDITIONALS tag questions 162-165 echo tags 164-165 first, second and third conditional 82, 85-86 prepositions 168-170 variations in tenses 85-86 the zero conditional 86 TESTS 173-184 mixed conditionals 88 words other than if 91 ANSWER KEY 185-200 implied conditionals 92 INDEX 201-204